PULIH MARI BALI WUTUH PURNA WALUYA JATI The dose makes the poison The dose makes the poison, a principle of toxicology, was first expressed by Paracelsus. It means that a substance can produce the harmful effect associated with its toxic properties only if it reaches a susceptible biological system within the body in a high enough concentration (dose).
The principle relies on the finding that all chemicals can be toxic if you eat, drink, or absorb too much of it (for example spinach is not dangerous but it could lead to kidney damage if you eat 10 to 20 pounds at a single sitting). "The toxicity of any particular chemical depends on many factors, including the extent to which it enters an individual’s body." This finding provides also the basis for public health standards, which specify maximum acceptable concentrations of various contaminants in food, public drinking water, and the environment.
However, there is no linear relationship and also more to chemical toxicity than the acute effects caused by short-term exposure. Relatively low doses of contaminants in water, food, and environment can already have significant chronic effects if there is a long-term exposure. Many pollutants, drugs and natural substances adhere to this principle by causing different effects at different levels, which can as a result lead to health standards that are either too strong or too weak.
Generally the effects of different doses can be very different at different levels (not only bigger and smaller impacts depending on dose). Very low doses of some compounds can even induce stronger toxic responses than much higher doses as well as as just different impacts.
Toxins and the law "Regulators must extrapolate results not only from animal toxicity studies, typically from mice and/or rats to humans, but also from the very high doses usually used in animal experiments to the very low doses that are characteristic of human exposure. These two types of extrapolation are steeped in uncertainty," wrote Edward J. Calabrese, Professor of Toxicology at the University of Massachusetts' School of Public Health in Amherst, MA, USA. |
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