 PULIH MARI BALI WUTUH PURNA WALUYA JATI  Sumpah Hippokrates adalah sumpah yang secara tradisional dilakukan oleh para dokter tentang etika yang harus mereka lakukan dalam melakukan praktik profesinya. Sebagian besar orang menganggap bahwa sumpah ini ditulis sendiri Hippocrates pada 400 tahun sebelum masehi atau oleh salah seorang muridnya. Seorang peneliti, Ludwig Edelstein mengajukan pendapat lain bahwa sumpah tersebut ditulis oleh Pythagorean. Akan tetapi teori ini masih diragukan karena sedikitnya bukti yang mendukungnya.  Robert Thom. "Hippocrates...Medicine becomes a science". 1958 (Lafal Asli, diterjemahkan dari bahasa Yunani.) I swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I fulfil according to my ability and judgement this oath and this covenant. Saya bersumpah demi (Tuhan) ... bahwa saya akan memenuhi sesuai dengan kemampuan saya dan penilaian saya guna memenuhi sumpah dan perjanjian ini. To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art-if they desire to learn it-without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning of my sons and to the sons of him who instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to medical law, but to no one else. Memperlakukan guru yang mengajarkan ilmu (kedokteran) ini kepada saya seperti orangtua saya sendiri dan menjalankan hidup ini bermitra dengannya, dan apabila ia membutuhkan uang, saya akan memberikan, dan menganggap keturunannya seperti saudara saya sendiri dan akan mengajarkan kepada mereka ilmu ini bila mereka berkehendak, tanpa biaya atau perjanjian, memberikan persepsi dan instruksi saya dalam pembelajaran kepada anak saya dan anak guru saya, dan murid-murid yang sudah membuat perjanjian dan mengucapkan sumpah ini sesuai dengan hukum kedokteran, dan tidak kepada orang lain. I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment, but never with a view to injury and wrongdoing. neither will I administer a poison to anybody when asked to do so, not will I suggest such a course. Saya akan menggunakan pengobatan untuk menolong orang sakit sesuai kemampuan dan penilaian saya, tetapi tidak akan pernah untuk mencelakai atau berbuat salah dengan sengaja. Tidak akan saya memberikan racun kepada siapa pun bila diminta dan juga tak akan saya sarankan hal seperti itu. Similarly I will not give to a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. But I will keep pure and holy both my life and my art. I will not use the knife, not even, verily, on sufferers from stone, but I will give place to such as are craftsmen therein. Juga saya tidak akan memberikan wanita alat untuk menggugurkan kandungannya, dan saya akan memegang teguh kemurnian dan kesucian hidup saya maupun ilmu saya. Saya tak akan menggunakan pisau, bahkan alat yang berasal dr batu pada penderita(untuk percobaan), akan tetapi saya akan menyerahkan kepada ahlinya. Into whatsoever houses I enter, I will enter to help the sick, and I will abstain from all intentional wrongdoing and harm, especially from abusing the bodies of man or woman, slave or free. Ke dalam rumah siapa pun yang saya masuki, saya akan masuk untuk menolong yang sakit dan saya tidak akan berbuat suatu kesalahan dengan sengaja dan merugikannya, terutama menyalahgunakan tubuh laki-laki atau perempuan, budak atau bukan budak. And whatsoever I shall see or hear in the course of my profession, as well as outside my profession in my intercourse with men, if it be what should not be published abroad, I will never divulge, holding such things to be holy secrets. Dan apa pun yang saya lihat dan dengar dalam proses profesi saya, ataupun di luar profesi saya dalam hubungan saya dengan masyarakat, apabila tidak diperkenankan untuk dipublikasikan, maka saya tak akan membuka rahasia, dan akan menjaganya seperti rahasia yang suci. Now if I carry out this oath, and break it not, may I gain for ever reputation among all men for my life and for my art; but if I transgress it and forswear myself, may the opposite befall me. Apabila saya menjalankan sumpah ini, dan tidak melanggarnya, semoga saya bertambah reputasi dimasyarakat untuk hidup dan ilmu saya, akan tetapi bila saya melanggarnya, semoga yang berlawanan yang terjadi. Relevansi Dunia Modern Beberapa bagian terhadap sumpah tersebut telah dihilangkan atau diubah sejalan dengan berjalannya waktu. Setiap negara, sekolah ataupun organisasi memiliki variasi yang berbeda-beda terhadap sumpah ini. Banyak sekolah membuat versi sumpahnya masing-masing, tetapi sebagian besar tidak menggunakan versi aslinya, yang mengagung-agungkan dewa, memberi pelajaran pada laki-laki tetapi tidak pada perempuan, melarang dokter umum untuk melakukan operasi, aborsi, euthanasia, atau melakukan perubahan pada resep. Juga yang tidak tercantum dalam versi aslinya dan kemudian dikembangkan di versi modernnya adalah mengenai asuransi, surat wasiat serta pil kontrasepsi yang dapat dikatakan mendekati praktik aborsi. Αρχαίο κείμενο (ancient text) (Original) Ὄμνυμι Ἀπόλλωνα ἰητρὸν, καὶ Ἀσκληπιὸν, καὶ Ὑγείαν, καὶ Πανάκειαν, καὶ θεοὺς πάντας τε καὶ πάσας, ἵστορας ποιεύμενος, ἐπιτελέα ποιήσειν κατὰ δύναμιν καὶ κρίσιν ἐμὴν ὅρκον τόνδε καὶ ξυγγραφὴν τήνδε. ἡγήσασθαι μὲν τὸν διδάξαντά με τὴν τέχνην ταύτην ἴσα γενέτῃσιν ἐμοῖσι, καὶ βίου κοινώσασθαι, καὶ χρεῶν χρηίζοντι μετάδοσιν ποιήσασθαι, καὶ γένος τὸ ἐξ ωὐτέου ἀδελφοῖς ἴσον ἐπικρινέειν ἄῤῥεσι, καὶ διδάξειν τὴν τέχνην ταύτην, ἢν χρηίζωσι μανθάνειν, ἄνευ μισθοῦ καὶ ξυγγραφῆς, παραγγελίης τε καὶ ἀκροήσιος καὶ τῆς λοιπῆς ἁπάσης μαθήσιος μετάδοσιν ποιήσασθαι υἱοῖσί τε ἐμοῖσι, καὶ τοῖσι τοῦ ἐμὲ διδάξαντος, καὶ μαθηταῖσι συγγεγραμμένοισί τε καὶ ὡρκισμένοις νόμῳ ἰητρικῷ, ἄλλῳ δὲ οὐδενί. Διαιτήμασί τε χρήσομαι ἐπ' ὠφελείῃ καμνόντων κατὰ δύναμιν καὶ κρίσιν ἐμὴν, ἐπὶ δηλήσει δὲ καὶ ἀδικίῃ εἴρξειν. Οὐ δώσω δὲ οὐδὲ φάρμακον οὐδενὶ αἰτηθεὶς θανάσιμον, οὐδὲ ὑφηγήσομαι ξυμβουλίην τοιήνδε. ὁμοίως δὲ οὐδὲ γυναικὶ πεσσὸν φθόριον δώσω. Ἁγνῶς δὲ καὶ ὁσίως διατηρήσω βίον τὸν ἐμὸν καὶ τέχνην τὴν ἐμήν. Οὐ τεμέω δὲ οὐδὲ μὴν λιθιῶντας, ἐκχωρήσω δὲ ἐργάτῃσιν ἀνδράσι πρήξιος τῆσδε. Ἐς οἰκίας δὲ ὁκόσας ἂν ἐσίω, ἐσελεύσομαι ἐπ' ὠφελείῃ καμνόντων, ἐκτὸς ἐὼν πάσης ἀδικίης ἑκουσίης καὶ φθορίης, τῆς τε ἄλλης καὶ ἀφροδισίων ἔργων ἐπί τε γυναικείων σωμάτων καὶ ἀνδρῴων, ἐλευθέρων τε καὶ δούλων. Ἃ δ' ἂν ἐν θεραπείῃ ἢ ἴδω, ἢ ἀκούσω, ἢ καὶ ἄνευ θεραπηίης κατὰ βίον ἀνθρώπων, ἃ μὴ χρή ποτε ἐκλαλέεσθαι ἔξω, σιγήσομαι, ἄῤῥητα ἡγεύμενος εἶναι τὰ τοιαῦτα. Ὅρκον μὲν οὖν μοι τόνδε ἐπιτελέα ποιέοντι, καὶ μὴ ξυγχέοντι, εἴη ἐπαύρασθαι καὶ βίου καὶ τέχνης δοξαζομένῳ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ἐς τὸν αἰεὶ χρόνον. παραβαίνοντι δὲ καὶ ἐπιορκοῦντι, τἀναντία τουτέων. Original, translated into English:I swear by Apollo, the healer, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment, the following Oath and agreement: To consider dear to me, as my parents, him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and, if necessary, to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art; and that by my teaching, I will impart a knowledge of this art to my own sons, and to my teacher's sons, and to disciples bound by an indenture and oath according to the medical laws, and no others. I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts. I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art. In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves. All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal. If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all humanity and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my life. 誓言內容 (Oath content) Tradisional (Original) 敬禀醫神阿波羅、阿斯克勒庇俄斯、許癸厄亞、帕那刻亞，及天地諸神聖鑒之，鄙人敬謹宣誓： 余願盡己之能力與判斷力之所及，矢守此約。凡授余藝者：余敬如父母，為終身同甘共苦之侶；倘有急需余必接濟。視彼兒女，猶余手足，如欲受業，余無償、無條件傳授之。凡余之所知，無論口授、書傳俱傳之吾子、吾師之子、及立誓守此約之生徒，此外不傳他人。 余願盡己之能力與判斷力之所及，恪守為病家謀福之信條，並避免一切墮落害人之敗行，余必不以毒物藥品與他人，並不作此項之指導，雖人請求亦必不與之，尤不為婦人施墮胎之術。余願以此純潔神聖之心，終身執行余之職務。至於手術，另待高明，余不施之，遇結石患者亦然，惟使專匠為之。 無論何適何遇，逢男或女，民人奴隸，余之唯一目的，為病家謀福，並檢點吾身，不為種種墮落害人之敗行，尤不為誘姦之事。凡余所見所聞，不論有無業務之牽連，余以為不應洩漏者，願守口如瓶。 倘余嚴守上述之誓詞，願 神僅僅使余之生命及醫術，得無上之光榮；余苟違誓，天地鬼神共殛之！ 誓言内容 (Oath content) Sederhana (Original) 敬禀医神阿波罗、阿斯克勒庇俄斯、许癸厄亚、帕那刻亚，及天地诸神圣鉴之，鄙人敬谨宣誓： 余愿尽己之能力与判断力之所及，矢守此约。凡授余艺者：余敬如父母，为终身同甘共苦之侣；倘有急需余必接济。视彼儿女，犹余手足，如欲受业，余无偿、无条件传授之。凡余之所知，无论口授、书传俱传之吾子、吾师之子、及立誓守此约之生徒，此外不传他人。 余愿尽己之能力与判断力之所及，恪守为病家谋福之信条，并避免一切堕落害人之败行，余必不以毒物药品与他人，并不作此项之指导，虽人请求亦必不与之，尤不为妇人施堕胎之术。余愿以此纯洁神圣之心，终身执行余之职务。至于手术，另待高明，余不施之，遇结石患者亦然，惟使专匠为之。 无论何适何遇，逢男或女，民人奴隶，余之唯一目的，为病家谋福，并检点吾身，不为种种堕落害人之败行，尤不为诱奸之事。凡余所见所闻，不论有无业务之牵连，余以为不应泄漏者，愿守口如瓶。 倘余严守上述之誓词，愿神仅仅使余之生命及医术，得无上之光荣；余苟违誓，天地鬼神共殛之！ Classic translation into English: I swear by Apollo the Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods, and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfill according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant: To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art – if they desire to learn it – without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken the oath according to medical law, but to no one else. I will apply dietic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice. I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art. I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged in this work. Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves. What I may see or hear in the course of treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep myself holding such things shameful to be spoken about. If I fulfill this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honoured with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot. Νεοελληνική μετάφραση (Modern translation) Ορκίζομαι στον Απόλλωνα τον Ιατρό και στον Ασκληπιό και στην Υγεία και στην Πανάκεια και σ΄ όλους τους Θεούς και τις Θεές επικαλούμενος την μαρτυρία τους, να τηρήσω πιστά κατά τη δύναμη και την κρίση μου αυτό τον όρκο και το συμβόλαιό μου αυτό. Να θεωρώ αυτόν που μου δίδαξε αυτή την τέχνη ίσο με τους γονείς μου και να μοιραστώ μαζί του τα υπάρχοντά μου και τα χρήματά μου αν έχει ανάγκη φροντίδας. Να θεωρώ τους απογόνους του ίσους με τ΄ αδέλφια μου και να τους διδάξω την τέχνη αυτή αν θέλουν να τη μάθουν, χωρίς αμοιβή και συμβόλαιο και να μεταδώσω με παραγγελίες, οδηγίες και συμβουλές όλη την υπόλοιπη γνώση μου και στα παιδιά μου και στα παιδιά εκείνου με δίδαξε και στους άλλους μαθητές που έχουν κάνει γραπτή συμφωνία μαζί μου και σ΄ αυτούς που έχουν ορκισθεί στον ιατρικό νόμο και σε κανέναν άλλο και να θεραπεύω τους πάσχοντες κατά τη δύναμή μου και την κρίση μου χωρίς ποτέ, εκουσίως, να τους βλάψω ή να τους αδικήσω. Και να μη δώσω ποτέ σε κανένα, έστω κι αν μου το ζητήσει, θανατηφόρο φάρμακο, ούτε να δώσω ποτέ τέτοια συμβουλή. Ομοίως να μη δώσω ποτέ σε γυναίκα φάρμακο για ν΄ αποβάλει. Να διατηρήσω δε τη ζωή μου και την τέχνη μου καθαρή και αγνή. Και να μη χειρουργήσω πάσχοντες από λίθους αλλά ν΄ αφήσω την πράξη αυτή για τους ειδικούς. Και σ΄ όποια σπίτια κι αν μπω, να μπω για την ωφέλεια των πασχόντων αποφεύγοντας κάθε εκούσια αδικία και βλάβη και κάθε γενετήσια πράξη και με γυναίκες και με άνδρες,ελεύθερους και δούλους. Και ό,τι δω ή ακούσω κατά την άσκηση του επαγγέλματός μου, ή κι εκτός, για τη ζωή των ανθρώπων,που δεν πρέπει ποτέ να κοινοποιηθεί, να σιωπήσω και να το τηρήσω μυστικό. Αν τον όρκο μου αυτό τηρήσω πιστά και δεν τον αθετήσω, είθε ν΄ απολαύσω για πάντα την εκτίμηση όλων των ανθρώπων για τη ζωή μου και για την τέχνη μου, αν όμως παραβώ και αθετήσω τον όρκο μου να υποστώ τα αντίθετα από αυτά. A widely used modern version of the traditional oath was penned in 1964 by Dr. Louis Lasagna, former Principal of the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University: I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant: I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow. I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism. I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug. I will not be ashamed to say "I know not", nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient's recovery. I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given to me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God. I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick. I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure. I will remember that I remain a member of society with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm. If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help. |
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